To function properly, the genetic material is highly organized into loop structures that often bring together widely separated sections of the genome critical to the regulation of gene activity.

Not all DNA looks like the familiar double helix. Sometimes, parts of our genetic code fold into unusual shapes under certain conditions. One such structure known as a G-quadruplex (G4) looks like a ...

G4 and R-loop signals at the indicated genomic locus. Both G4s and R-loops accumulate in cells where the resolution of G4 knots is defective (red). Not all DNA looks like the familiar twisted ladder.